Laparoscopic nephrectomy outside gerota fascia and en bloc ligation of the renal hilum for management of inflammatory renal diseases

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aims to improve laparoscopic nephrectomy techniques for inflammatory renal diseases (IRD) and to reduce complications. Materials and Methods Thirty-three patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD, with a method of outside Gerota fascia dissection and en-bloc ligation and division of the renal pedicle. Operative time, blood loss, complications, analgesia requirement, post-operative recovery of intestinal function and hospital stay were recorded. The degrees of perinephric adhesion were classified based on the observation during operation and post-operative dissection of the specimen, and the association of different types of adhesion with the difficulty of the procedures was examined. Results Among 33 cases, three were converted to hand-assisted laparoscopy, and one was converted to open surgery. Mean operative time was 99.6±29.2min, and blood loss was 75.2±83.5 mL. Postoperative recovery time of intestinal function was 1.6±0.7 days and average hospital stay was 4.8±1.4 days. By classification and comparison of the perinephric adhesions, whether inflammation extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum was found to be not only an important factor influencing the operative time and blood loss, but also the main reason for conversion to hand-assisted laparoscopy or open surgery. Conclusions In laparoscopic nephrectomy, outside Gerota fascia dissection of the kidney and en-bloc ligation of the renal pedicle using EndoGIA could reduce the difficulty of procedure and operative time, with satisfactory safety and reliability. Inflammation and adhesion extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum is an important predictor of the difficulty related to laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD.

Pionefrose em paciente comcálculo ureteral infectado sem comprometimento do estado geral / Pyonephrosis in a patient with infected ureteral calculus without general state deterioration

Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 34 anos que apresentou há 2 anos episódios de cólica renal, sendo diagnosticada litíase renal. Há 1 mês houveintensificação dos episódios de dor lombar à esquerda com irradiação para genitália, disúria, polaciúria, urgência urinária, febre alta e calafrios. IniciouCiprofloxacina sem melhora significativa dos sintomas, tendo sido internada para investigação diagnóstica e tratamento. Ao exame físico encontrava-sehipocorada, taquicárdica e febril. Abdômen doloroso à palpação e presença de massa palpável em hipocôndrio esquerdo. Os exames da admissãomostraram Hemoglobina 6,5g/dL, Leucócitos 17.100/mm3, Plaquetas 656.000/mm3, Creatinina 1,0mg/dL. A ultrassonografia abdominal evidenciounefrolitíase e hidronefrose à esquerda. Foi realizada nefrectomia do rim esquerdo. Na cirurgia o rim esquerdo estava aumentado e com consistênciacística, sem áreas de parênquima normal, com ureter dilatado e grande quantidade de secreção purulenta espessa e esverdeada. No examemicroscópico foram vistos glomérulos retraídos, atrofia tubular, intenso infiltrado inflamatório misto no interstício e áreas abscedadas atingindo inclusivea pelve renal. A paciente apresentou evolução favorável, recebendo alta com função renal normal e sem complicações no seguimento.

We report the case of a 34 years-old woman who had episodes of renal colic and a diagnosis of renal calculi. One month before admission she notedexacerbation of left-side lumbar pain, which irradiated to genital region, dysuria, polacyuria, urinary urgency and high degree fever, with chills. Treatmentwas started with Ciprofloxacin, but she had no clinical improvement and was admitted to investigation. At physical examination she was pale, tachycardicand febrile. Her abdomen was tender, with a palpable mass on left hypochondrium. The laboratorial tests showed hemoglobin 6.5g/dL, white blood cells17100/mm3, platelets 656,000/mm3, and creatinine 1.0mg/dL. The abdominal ultrasound showed left-side nephrolitiasis and hydronephrosis. It wasperformed left nephrectomy. The surgical description was: left kidney with increased size, with cystic consistence, without areas of normal parenchyma, withdilated ureter and large amount of thick and greenish secretion. At microscopic examination, protracted glomeruli, tubular atrophy and intense interstitialinflammatory infiltrate were observed, with areas of abscesses reaching renal pelvis. The patient had a favorable course and was dismissed with a normalrenal function. She did not present any complication during the follow-up.